This paper examines whether the results of the earnings equation developed in the overeducation/required eduation/under-education … (ORU) literature are sensitive to whether the usual or reference levels of education are measured using the Realized … independent of the measure of the usual or reference level of education used in the analyses. -- Immigrants ; skill ; schooling …

paper uses the Over-education/ Required education/Under-education specification of the earnings equation to explore the … years of under-education. A set of predictions is presented to assess the relative importance of these channels, and the … over-education channel is shown to be the more influential factor. This channel is linked to greater positive selection in …

This paper examines whether the results of the earnings equation developed in the overeducation/required eduation/under-education … (ORU) literature are sensitive to whether the usual or reference levels of education are measured using the Realized … independent of the measure of the usual or reference level of education used in the analyses …

/required education/undereducation (ORU) framework (Hartog, 2000) and a decomposition of the native-born/foreign-born differential in the …