This paper examines the financial and operational hedging activities of U.S. pharmaceutical and biotech firms that are subject to high level of information asymmetry stemming from R&D investments during 2001-2006. We find evidence in support of the information asymmetry hypothesis à la Froot,...

Barton (2001) and Pincus and Rajgopal (2002) show that earnings management through discretionary accruals and derivative hedging are partial substitutes in smoothing earnings before 1999. In this study, we investigate whether FAS 133 regarding hedge accounting in 2000 has influenced the relative...