We find that IPO firms engage in real and accrual earnings management during the IPO and that big-N audit firms … constrain discretionary expenses-based and accrual-based manipulations. The restriction of these forms of earnings management … leads IPO firms to resort to a higher level of sales-based manipulation. Our results show that both sales-based and accrual …

does impact the real and accrual earnings management activities of IPO firms. Our results show that IPO firms listing on … the lightly regulated UK Alternative Investment Market (AIM) have higher (lower) levels of accrual based and sales based …

This paper analyzes the relationship between real and accrual earnings management activities and IPO failure risk …. Recent research shows that IPO firms manage earnings upward around the offer year utilizing real and accrual earnings … engaged in higher levels of real and accrual earnings management will exhibit a higher probability of failure and lower …