This paper is a first attempt to estimate the size and development of the shadow economy of 158 countries over the … size of the shadow economy of these 158 countries over 1991-2015 is 32.5% of official GDP, which was 34.82% in 1991 and … decreased to 30.66% in 2015. The lowest size of the shadow economy East Asian countries with 16.77% averaged over the period …

. This contribution focuses on religion’s possible impact on the shadow economy. Different dimensions of the religious … protect state interests if there is a mutually beneficial relationship. -- Economics of religion ; tax morale ; shadow economy …Religion is increasingly acknowledged to be a cultural dimension which affects economic outcomes in different regards …

. This contribution focuses on religion's possible impact on the shadow economy. Different dimensions of the religious …Religion is increasingly acknowledged to be a cultural dimension which affects economic outcomes in different regards … religions, religious competition or the proximity between religion and the state. The empirical test makes use of the largest …

findings, a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth, and a positive impact of corruption on the … criticized, estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries are presented. The … average size of a shadow economy varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD, to 23 percent for transition and to 39 percent for …