This article is the first to analyze whether cartel sanctions are optimal. The conventional wisdom is that the current … States cartel sanctions is only 9% to 21% as large as it should be to protect potential victims of cartelization optimally …. Consequently, the average level of United States anti-cartel sanctions should be approximately quintupled. The United States …

This paper analyzes the first 13 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining guidelines …. I find that the severity of the cartel fines is more than five times higher than those figured under the previous 1998 … rare) examples of supra-deterrence. Nearly all recent cartel decisions reward one or more participant with full or partial …

global vitamins cartel, using legal and economic analysis and also empirical data to describe the effect. The article … vitamins cartel at the heart of the Empagran matter, describing empirical research done by Author Connor and others. This … research suggests a fundamental and important link between a cartel's activity here and abroad, as well as the importance of …

cartel characteristics. International conspiracies, global cartels, and bid-rigging schemes are granted lower percentage than …

• The purpose of the following charts is to illustrate the size and economic impacts of the modern international cartel … investigations, damages suits, fines, or consent decrees) between January 1990 and December 2008. Each cartel had participants with … cartel’s life or on the day a legal action was announced. • A special effort is made to create charts that illustrate trends …

final cartel cases) and find that cartels have caused average overcharges in the range of 31 to 49 percent and median … that cartels overcharge on average by 10 percent is much too low, and the current levels of cartel penalties should be …

This paper presents an updated narrative of the history of the global lysine cartel and the legal consequences for its …

cartels. The number of cartel investigations has not risen appreciably. Moreover, the number of criminal Section 1 cases filed … annually fell. From 1995-99 to 2004-06 cartel cases filed fell by 49%. The number of corporations charged annually dropped … have grown. The total amount of cartel fines imposed is $4.2 billion. While an impressive amount, damages recouped by U …

America and the near absence of fines in most Asian jurisdictions. Without significant increases in cartel detection, in the …