In this paper we seek to deepen understanding of out-migration as a social and economic process and to investigate … whether cross-sectional earnings assimilation results suffer from selection bias. To model the process of out-migration we … selectivity with respect to human capital, earnings, or gender. The likelihood of return migration is strongly determined by the …

. Integrated labour and migration policies are needed. The employment chances of the low-skilled are limited. Whereas Europe could …