The economic literature has largely overlooked the importance of repeat and circular migration. The paper studies this … middle ages), are significantly more likely to engage in repeat migration and to stay out for longer. Males and those …

The economic literature has largely overlooked the importance of repeat migration. This paper studies repeat or … circular migration as it is manifested by the frequency of exits of migrants living in Germany, and by the number of years … the middle ages), and the newcomers and the more seasoned are significantly more likely to engage in circular migration …

While the literature has established that there is substantial and highly selective return migration, the growing … importance of repeat migration has been largely ignored. Using Markov chain analysis, this paper provides a modeling framework …. The out-migration per year is low, about 10%. Migrants are more likely to leave again early after their arrival in Germany …

years-since-migration exhibits a U-shape. During the first years since migration the likelihood of self-employment decreases …