Today's technology product markets are inherently international. The global character of technology markets underscores the importance of technical interoperability standards in global supply chains and commerce. This paper considers the impact of patents on international technical...

In an environment in which widely-adopted technical standards may each be covered by large numbers of patents, there have been increasing calls for courts to determine “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory” (FRAND) royalties payable to holders of standards-essential patents (SEPs) using...