could be realized from Smart Grid standardization could be threatened by a growing number of patents that cover Smart Grid … architecture and technologies. If such patents are not revealed until technology is broadly distributed throughout the network … of the market. Moreover, even if patents are revealed early in the standardization process, there is currently no …

Patent holders are, with increasing frequency, making public promises to refrain from asserting patents under certain … conditions, or to license patents on terms that are “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory” (FRAND). These promises or “patent … pledges to downstream purchasers of patents. As such, the market reliance theory could fill a critical gap in the existing …

patents essential to the standard on terms that are "fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory" (FRAND). FRAND commitments are … adopted in the market. While, at first blush, FRAND commitments seem to assure product vendors that patents will not obstruct …, multiple patent holders agree to charge a single, collective royalty on patents included in the pool. This structure, which has …

-development organizations (SDOs) that require participants to license patents essential to the standard on terms that are “fair, reasonable and … to assure product vendors that patents will not obstruct the manufacture and sale of standards-compliant products, in … royalty on patents included in the pool. This structure, which has been utilized in connection with several successful …

drug enoxaparin. The SDO's rules regarding disclosure of standards-essential patents (SEPs) were found to be ambiguous, yet …

Licensing Negotiations Involving Standard Essential Patents (Draft Mar. 9, 2018). These comments relate primarily to: (1 …

leading firms to pledge patents, increased attention to the role that patent pledges play in innovation and on the governance …