Analysis of road fereight transport is hindered by the lack of diecdirect observartions of the handling factor. The handling factor is the frequency of lifts of the tonnes in the supply chain from origin to destination. It is also the number of times that the same tonnes are reported to the...

Asia and the Eastern European nations are in a state of economic turmoil. An important element for improvement is that Western nations open their markets to more trade. This is in fact what the West could have done after the fall of the Berlin Wall. But petty shortsightedness of the governing...

The commonly adopted definitions of risk and uncertainty generate conceptual problems and inconsistencies, and they are a source of confusion in general. However, alternative and proper definitions are: (1) First there is the distinction between certainty and uncertainty. (2) Uncertainty forks...

There is a general misconception on the impact of marginal tax rates. Following the hypothesis of optimising economic agents, it is proper that marginal rates enter the discussion. The only issue is that the margin mu= st be computed correctly. In dynamics, one must take account of the fact tha=...

The tax wedge makes for a higher gross minimum wage, and a wedge comes about more likely when tax exemption is adjusted for inflation only. Due to curvature, the wedge comes closer to its limit value for already low levels of productivity growth. Thus, the negative effects of the wedge occur...

OECD tax policy is to have low exemption. This causes high gross minimum wages. Abolishing taxes below the gross minimum would not cost anything, since people may not work below that minimum, and thus dont earn and dont pay taxes, anyway. Present-day unemployment is inefficient, and thus there...

The national budget affects life and death via its allocations in areas such as traffic safety, flood control, public health and the like. When the cost-effectiveness of an intervention is evaluated, common effect measures are the number of lives extended (saved) and the expected lifeyears...

Arrow's Theorem holds that no constitution can satisfy certain properties. In annex to that theorem, Arrow claims that those properties are reasonable and morally desirable. In his view there thus is the difficulty that people desire a constitution that cannot exist. While the Theorem stands as...

If an economic system has a regime switch, then we could assume that the preferences have remained basically the same, but that only the state of information has changed. An alternative view is that there has been a shift of preferences, as for example individual persons can change their mind...

W3C is about to release MathML 2.0. This should have been a joyous occasion, but it appears to be a horror. They created a horrible way to do mathematics on the internet. It is Byzantinely complex, unintuitive, unesthetic, highly undocumented, it requires complex software support, etcetera. A...