increasing prevalence of non-exclusive software gives rise to indirect network effects that exist between users of competing and … incompatible hardware platforms. This is because software non-exclusivity, like hardware compatibility, allows a software firm to …'s software on all firms' installed bases. We look for evidence of these market-wide network effects by estimating a model of …

five advanced technologies: AI, robotics, dedicated equipment, specialized software, and cloud computing. The adoption of …