"There are many possible pathways between parental education, income, and health, and between child health and … socioeconomic status (as measured by education, income, occupation, or in some cases area of residence) and child health, and … between child health and adult education or income. Specifically, I ask two questions: What is the evidence regarding whether …

income per capita stagnation in the pre-Industrial Revolution era. The theory suggests that improvements in technology during … this period generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading to a larger but not richer population …

technological environment during the pre-industrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading …

the technological environment during the pre-industrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita …