"There are many possible pathways between parental education, income, and health, and between child health and … socioeconomic status (as measured by education, income, occupation, or in some cases area of residence) and child health, and … between child health and adult education or income. Specifically, I ask two questions: What is the evidence regarding whether …

by parental preferences: if parents prefer certain sex compositions over others, children's gender affects not only the … dizygotic twins. In these cases, the two children are born at the same time, so parents cannot make decisions about one twin … outcomes of other children but also the very existence of potential additional children. We address this problem by looking at …

provide new evidence on this question, showing that children born to less educated and minority mothers are more likely to be …