heterogeneous treatments, distinguishing and simultaneously analyzing the effect these treatments have on innovation input and … received, EU grants have higher effects. In terms of output, holding innovation expenditures constant, funding from both … obtained, we find superiority for national funding. -- Subsidies ; Innovation ; Policy Evaluation ; Treatment Effects …

-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …