firms may protect their inventions by means of intellectual property rights, such as patents. By taking out a patent … of patents on the dissemination of R&D findings is, however, insignificant. Therefore, we conclude that patent … disclosures do not significantly harm the appropriability conditions for inventions, but help to protect, at least partly, against …

between patents on university-discovered inventions and university start-ups; however, it substantially decreased the volume … of patents with the largest decrease taking place in faculty-firm patenting relationships …

is needed for successful utilization of this policy. -- R&D collaboration ; intellectual property ; uncertainty ; patents …