This paper surveys the causes and consequences of late 19th century globalization, as well as the anti-globalization backlash of that period.

This paper studies the role of French intercontinental trade in the accumulation of domestic capital at the end of the Ancien Régime. It uses O’Brien’s method to measure the amount of annual profits generated from this sector. The marginal profits are then computed by estimating what return...

This paper checks if differences in market size can explain the retardation of the Industrial Revolution in France compared to Britain. It uses an exceptional source on French domestic trade in a variety of goods in the late eighteenth century: the Tableaux du Maximum. The first part presents...

For nearly two decades, growth of international trade has been underpinned by the development of intermediate goods cross exchanges resulting from a new international division of labour. The share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has dramatically increased. Simultaneously, there...

This paper tries to understand the adoption of different organisational forms by trade intermediaries. It does that by exploring their options in a coherent economic framework emphasizing the importance of paying transaction costs. It is based both on my knowledge of 18th century French traders...

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This article tests whether smaller domestic markets can explain why France industrialized more slowly than Britain. To do so, it uses the Tableaux du Maximum. It begins by presenting this source and then checks if the data from the source are plausible using a logit theoretical gravity equation....

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This paper studies the characteristics of investment in the slave trade and other long distance trades in France during the eighteenth century. After justifying why the slave trade should be aggregated with other long distance trades for this study, the paper introduces French data. Information...

For nearly two decades, the share of trade in inputs, also called vertical trade, has dramatically increased. This paper suggests a new measure of international trade: “value-added trade”. Like many existing estimates, “value-added trade” is net of double-counted vertical trade. It also...