women during late-1980s through mid-1990s to examine the effects of these policy changes on smoking, weight gain and other … associated with approximately a 3 percent increase in smoking and a small increase in pregnancy weight gain for most of the … sample. The increase in smoking, which is a significant cause of poor infant health, may partly explain why Medicaid …

cigarette smoking. We conclude that the unintended effects of ENDS taxation may considerably undercut or even outweigh any …