a potential impediment to innovation resulting from patenting and enforcement of IPR obtained on academic research … exclusion rights over research inputs are distributed among independent owners. Where information use-rights are gross … consequences, particularly for exploratory scientific research (contrasted with commercially-oriented R&D) are seen from a …

This contribution examines various aspects of "openness" in research, and seeks to gauge the degree to which … restraints on access to research tools, data and information recently have attracted notice - in part because of their … implications for the effective utilization of advanced digital infrastructures and information technologies in research …