different countries. Although many MNEs still exhibit an important ‘home bias’ in their global innovation activities, a growing … innovation linked to the prior waves of manufacturing offshoring? The fear in OECD economies is that because of co … loss of innovative capabilities (R&D, design, etc.) in the longer-term. The offshoring of R&D and innovation within GVCs …

well as intermediate) across borders. At the other side, Global Innovation Networks (GINs) refer to the transfers of …