high school grades and each pair was randomly assigned to one of three different tournaments. Random assignment neutralizes …

design was aimed at disentangling gender differences in taste for competition from other differences in psychological … but different gender composition. We find that females are as likely as males to take part in the competition and to …

competition to obtain the National Scientific Qualification (NSQ), then successful candidates compete to obtain a position in …

We use the repeated random assignment of external examiners to school institutes in Italy to investigate whether the … tests taken one year after exposure to the examiners, and is stronger for open-ended questions, for small school institutes …