The economic and psychological literatures have demonstrated that early investments (private and public) in children … countries, implying that mothers spend less time with their children and that families rely more on external sources of …

A rich strand of the economic literature has been studying the impact of different forms of early childcare on children … agrees in identifying stronger beneficial effects among children from disadvantaged backgrounds, making a case for the role … cognitive and non-cognitive development of young children and how to reduce gender gaps later in life. Our paper offers a …

term, using data from the Millennium Cohort Study (UK). Compared with children looked after in a formal care centre …, children cared by grandparents (as well as parents) are better in naming objects, but worse in tests concerning basic concepts … outcomes is stronger for children in more advantaged households; on the other hand, the negative association is significant …

This paper investigates the effects of public childcare availability in Italy on mothers' working status and children … childcare availability has positive and significant effects on both mothers' working status and children's language test scores …. The effects are stronger when the degree of rationing is high and for low educated mothers and children living in lower …