For firms' business and investment decisions their access to finance is a critical determinant. In times when access to finance becomes tight, corporations face either higher capital costs or they have to postpone their investment decisions when credit lines are not prolongated. Since business...

After a period of deepening financial integration, the financial crisis triggered a fragmentation of Europe’s capital markets along national lines. Financial integration was prone to sudden stops and capital reversals because cross-border capital flows predominantly consisted of short-term...

Im Mittelpunkt der wirtschaftspolitischen Debatte über die Covid-19-Pandemie steht bisher die Realwirtschaft. Dort hatte sich der Lockdown direkt und schockartig ausgewirkt; der stationäre Einzelhandel war weitgehend unterbunden, Hotel und Gaststätten waren geschlossen, Lieferketten national...