Various European instruments for countries particularly affected by the Corona crisis are currently under discussion. In this article several requirements will be established and the existing proposals will be measured against them. The instrument of Corona bonds is considered most effective –...

For firms' business and investment decisions their access to finance is a critical determinant. In times when access to finance becomes tight, corporations face either higher capital costs or they have to postpone their investment decisions when credit lines are not prolongated. Since business...

After a period of deepening financial integration, the financial crisis triggered a fragmentation of Europe’s capital markets along national lines. Financial integration was prone to sudden stops and capital reversals because cross-border capital flows predominantly consisted of short-term...

The Corona crisis has clearly become an economic challenge for Europe. The spread of the virus represents both a negative supply shock and a negative demand shock across the economy at large. Securing the liquidity of companies is of top priority. Employment and household income can be...

Im Mittelpunkt der wirtschaftspolitischen Debatte über die Covid-19-Pandemie steht bisher die Realwirtschaft. Dort hatte sich der Lockdown direkt und schockartig ausgewirkt; der stationäre Einzelhandel war weitgehend unterbunden, Hotel und Gaststätten waren geschlossen, Lieferketten national...