Purpose - This paper aims to examine the influence of the interplay between servant leadership behaviors and Machiavellianism on leader effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach - Drawing on trait activation theory and motivation to lead theory, the authors hypothesize that the effect of...

This paper tests and confirms the cross-cultural equivalence of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) in eight countries and languages: The Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Finland. A composite sample consisting of 5201 respondents from eight countries that all...