for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in …

for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in …

for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in …

determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel …