We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in … for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …

We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in … for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …

We empirically assess the effect of historical slavery on the African American family structure. Our hypothesis is that … female single headship among blacks is more likely to emerge in association not with slavery per se, but with slavery in … for migrants. By 1990, the effect of sugar is replaced by that of slavery and the black share, consistent with the spread …

determined by the initial gap. We obtain these results with 2SLS estimates where slavery is used as an instrument for the initial … gap. The excludability of slavery is preliminarily established by instrumenting it with the share of disembarked slaves … initial racial gap in education and that slavery affects growth indirectly through this channel. …