representative German plant data for the years 1999-2016, we document that 70% of employers pay wages below the marginal revenue … product of labour and 30% pay wages above. We further find that the prevalence of wage mark-downs is significantly smaller … when organised labour is present and that the ratio of wages to the marginal revenue product of labour is significantly …

exception. Wage mark-downs, that is wages below the marginal revenue product of labour rooted in employers' monopsony power, are … and intensity of wage mark-downs whereas the opposite holds for wage mark-ups, that is wages above the marginal revenue …

exception. Wage mark-downs, that is wages below the marginal revenue product of labour rooted in employers' monopsony power, are … and intensity of wage mark-downs whereas the opposite holds for wage mark-ups, that is wages above the marginal revenue …

exception. Wage mark-downs, that is wages below the marginal revenue product of labour rooted in employers' monopsony power, are … and intensity of wage mark-downs whereas the opposite holds for wage mark-ups, that is wages above the marginal revenue …

exception. Wage mark-downs, that is wages below the marginal revenue product of labour rooted in employers' monopsony power, are … and intensity of wage mark-downs whereas the opposite holds for wage mark-ups, that is wages above the marginal revenue …

German plant data for the years 1999–2016, we document that employer monopsony involving below competitive wages is far more …

exception. Wage mark-downs, that is wages below the marginal revenue product of labour rooted in employers' monopsony power, are … and intensity of wage mark-downs whereas the opposite holds for wage mark-ups, that is wages above the marginal revenue …