A supply chain will evolve with the product updating and different stages of the product life cycle. When the downstream manufacturers initiate new-technology products with emerging technology to the market, the upstream suppliers who independently carry out innovative R&D need to make R&D...

A greater firm-level transparency through enhanced disclosure provides more information regarding the risk situation of an insurer to its outside stakeholders such as stock investors and policyholders. The disclosure of the insurer's risktaking can result in negative influences on, for example,...