A review of the existing evidence on the degree of internationalization of the innovative activities of MNEs reveals three main trends. These are the continuing reliance of firms on the home country as a base for innovation, structural changes in MNEs towards more affiliate autonomy, and a small...

The prevailing ownership-based theories of the firm are increasingly being challenged by new forms of organising, as exemplified by the Asian network multinational enterprise (MNE). We believe that an institutional approach, that tries to bridge both the macro and micro levels of analysis, and...

This paper examines the co-evolution of MNE activities and institutions external and internal to the firm. We develop a theoretical framework for this analysis which draws on the more recent writings of Douglass North on institutions as a response to complex forms of uncertainty associated with...