effects of attending a more advanced track in middle school on long-term education and labor market outcomes for Germany, a … favorable long-term outcomes. We attribute this result to the up- and downgrading of students between tracks after middle school … exposure to a less advanced school environment. …

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of school quality on performance in national exams and the career … achievements, and community variables. We find that, conditional on school type, the pupil-teacher ratio has no effect on … appears to be very robust and sustains when school type variables, exam results, and ability are controlled for …