In measuring social deprivation in a multidimensional framework, ideally one should first measure each individual's overall deprivation, and then aggregate the overall deprivation levels of all individuals. However, given only aggregate data, one is often forced to measure social deprivation in...

Food insecurity and hunger have traditionally been measured by aggregate food supplies or by variables correlated with food insecurity. Because these measures often poorly reflect individuals’ true deprivation, economists have turned to surveys with direct questions about food insecurity....