branded equivalent, while the retailer's margin on the national brand is an upper bound on the retailer's marginal handling … cost for both the brand and private label versions. We find that lower bounds on the 'full' markup ratio range from 3 …

We empirically study the market power of U.S. national brand manufacturers by estimating the size of markups for … chain to compute several different measures of upper and lower bounds on national brand manufacturers' markup ratios for … equivalent, while the retailer's margin on the national brand is an upper bound on the retailer's marginal handling cost for both …

branded equivalent, while the retailer's margin on the national brand is an upper bound on the retailer's marginal handling … cost for both the brand and private label versions. We find that lower bounds on the 'full' markup ratio range from 3 …