economies have a quasi-fiscal deficit below 3 percent of gross domestic product (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Qatar, and the West … ability to make those investments is limited by fiscal and macroeconomic constraints. This paper demonstrates that the … of the quasi-fiscal deficit associated with the management of the electricity sector in 14 economies in the Middle East …

between state and local governments. We analyze sewage treatment policies in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Relying on … provision. Conceptually, we find that, with uncertain local commitment and weakly enforceable local obligations, shared mandates …

the sector - typically in tandem with local construction companies - that feel confident they can take on regulators in …

face major affordability and service quality issues which were not well addressed by the reforms of the 1990s. The authors …

inconsistent with the fiscal gains expected by many policymakers as they engage in infrastructure privatization programs. …

It is commonly argued that when the benefits of an infrastructure service are mostly local and there is little scope … - decentralization is the most effective way to deliver service. Those services have been decentralized in many countries, and many …. Power generation and distribution can now be handled competitively by decentralized units, and parts of some local telephone …