not serve to efficiently share risk. Certain shocks are better insured through gifts and loans than others. Mutual … relatives. Network quality matters. Risk is shared through flexible, zero interest informal loans rather than gifts. The …

risk. After a brief overview of efficient risk sharing, we discuss the channels by which households pool risk and the … motives for entering in binding informal arrangements. Informal risk sharing arrangements are often thought to be enforced via … risk sharing arrangements, either as partially overlapping networks or as risk sharing groups. We find that both types of …