We discuss various theoretical and empirical hurdles that antitrust authorities and courts must overcome to determine appropriate cartel sanctions, namely regarding the probability of detection, cartel dynamics, cartel duration, and cartel overcharge

We analyze challenges and pitfalls faced by antitrust authorities in the fining of cartels. We review economics and legal approaches to cartel fining and the sometimes-conflicting objectives of restitution, deterrence, and proportionality. We also discuss various theoretical and empirical...