theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators' punishment is almost exclusively targeted … towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. However …, spiteful punishment vanishes if the punishers can no longer affect the payoff differences between themselves and the punished …

Throughout human history, informal sanctions played a key role in the enforcement of social norms and the provision of … preferred by the people. Here, we show that welfare-enhancing peer sanctioning without much need for costly punishment emerges …. The exogenous removal of the norm consensus opportunity reduces the efficiency of peer punishment and renders centralized …

social norms and the provision of public goods. However, a considerable body of experimental evidence suggests that informal … systems exist that avoid these costs and whether other, more centralized, punishment systems are superior and will be … preferred by the people. Here, we show that welfare-enhancing peer sanctioning without much need for costly punishment emerges …

This paper provides evidence that free riders are heavily punished even if punishment is costly and does not provide … punished. As a consequence, the existence of an opportunity for costly punishment causes a large increase in cooperation levels … because potential free riders face a credible threat. We show, in particular, that in the presence of a costly punishment …

implicit agreements and social norms. Yet, little is known about the driving forces behind informal sanctions. We … actions seems most important. key-words: Informal Sanction, Social Norm, Social Capital, Strategic Sanction, Fairness …

implicit agreements and social norms. Yet, little is known about the driving forces behind informal sanctions. We examine …

theories of fairness and reciprocity capture these forces. We find that cooperators' punishment is almost exclusively targeted … towards the defectors but the latter also impose a considerable amount of spiteful punishment on the cooperators. However …, spiteful punishment vanishes if the punishers can no longer affect the payoff differences between themselves and the punished …

shifts induced by these environmental changes: when punishment was not available to investors, we observe significantly lower … levels of investor trust and trustee reciprocity, while there is a significant increase in both behaviors when punishment was … adjustment of decision strategies in the presence of punishment. These results demonstrate that anti-social personality …