of the two: if and only if children are more complementary to leisure should the tax-benefit link be given a positive … may justify redistribution from families with children to those without implied by most pension systems. We find that the … opposite redistribution, from the childless to those with children, would be efficient if individuals have low risk aversion …

This paper discusses alternative ways to deal with the positive externalities of having children in a pay … the number of children is generally preferable to family allowances because the latter creates a larger tax load on labor …