The PER is the most commonly used parameter in the stock market. The PER is the result of dividing the equity market value by the company's profit after tax.The PER depends on a number of factors, some of which are out of the company's control, such as variations in interest rates, and others...

The equity premium (also called market risk premium, equity risk premium, market premium and risk premium), is one of the most important, discussed but elusive parameters in finance. The term equity premium is used to designate four different concepts (although many times they are mixed):...

En este documento se valoran varias emisiones de bonos bolsa (un tipo de bonos estructurados) emitidos en Espantilde;a. Estis instrumentos financieros son la combinacioacute;n de un bono y una o maacute;s opciones.I value several issues of 'bonos bolsa' issued in Spain. These instruments are the...

En este documento se muestra coacute;mo utilizar la simulacioacute;n para valorar opciones y otros instrumentos financieros. Tambieacute;n se muestra coacute;mo se ha de realizar la simulacioacute;n para, al valorar opciones, obtener el mismo resultado que con la foacute;rmula de Black y Scholes.MBA...

I review 150 textbooks on corporate finance and valuation published between 1979 and 2009 by authors such as Brealey, Myers, Copeland, Damodaran, Merton, Ross, Bruner, Bodie, Penman, and Arzac, and find that their recommendations regarding the equity premium range from 3% to 10%, and that 51...

This paper contains the statistics of a survey about the Risk-Free Rate (RF) and the Market Risk Premium (MRP) used in 2018 for 59 countries. We got answers for 73 countries, but we only report the results for 59 countries with more than 5 answers.The change between 2015 and 2018 of the average...

The most used methods for valuing companies by Cash Flow Discounting are equity cash flow, free cash flow, capital cash flow and APV (Adjusted Present Value). Only APV does not require iteration All four methods, if properly applied, always give the same value. This result is logical, as all the...

This paper contains the statistics of a survey about the Risk-Free Rate (RF) and the Market Risk Premium (MRP) used in 2019 for 69 countries. We got answers for 84 countries, but we only report the results for 69 countries with more than 8 answers.Due to “Quantitative Easing”, many...

Regulators of many countries try to find the “true” WACC of Electricity, Gas, Water… activities. All their documents have in common a main confusion: they do not differentiate among expected, required, historical, and regulator allowed returns, which are 4 very different concepts. Most of...