does not when finance grows via bank lending. These findings concur with a well-established literature indicating that …

decisions for 186 banks and 97 non-bank financial institutions in Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines … (smaller) non-bank financial institutions were more likely to be closed. This suggests a"too big to fail"policy. 5) These …

aggravated the Republic of Korea's economic crisis. They use micro-data gathered at the bank level to better identify this … channel of transmission. They find that: 1) Monetary tightening broadens the spread between marginal bank lending rates and … corporate commercial paper rates (consistent with hypothesis that bank lending is a transmitter of monetary shocks). 2) Credit …

show that linking bank's capital asset requirements to external ratings would have undesirable effects for developing … strength in higher- and lower-income countries. Second, bank and corporate ratings in developing countries (unlike their … economic activity. Bank capital needs in developing countries would be more volatile than those in high-income countries. These …