The shadow wage is the social opportunity cost of labor. After reviewing earlier theoretical and empirical literature, we define four labor market conditions: fairly socially efficient (FSE), quasi-Keynesian unemployment (QKU), urban labor dualism (ULD) and rural labor dualism (RLD). We offer,...

The standard electricity industry reform paradigm in several EU countries since the 1990s includes privatization, unbundling, liberalization. While the implementation and design of reforms widely differs across the EU, the European Commission insists on a rather unified approach, aiming at the...

In the past two decades privatisation and liberalisation of network industries providing services of general economic interest (SGEI), have been particularly significant in the European Union. Wide variations around a common policy trend can, however, be observed across countries and sectors. We...

The shadow wage is the social opportunity cost of labor. After reviewing earlier theoretical and empirical literature, we define four labor market conditions: fairly socially efficient (FSE), quasi-Keynesian unemployment (QKU), urban labor dualism (ULD) and rural labor dualism (RLD). We offer,...

We analyze the opinions regarding tax evasion using a sample of micro-data representative of the Italian population. The analysis of determinants of seriousness and size perceptions of tax evasion suggests that age, education, income, area of residence and occupation are all relevant variables....

This paper analyses the distribution of the classical t-ratio statistic from distributions with no finite moments and shows how classical testing is affected. Some surprising results are obtained in terms of bimodality vs. the usual unimodality of the standard studentized t-distribution...

In this paper an integrated use of Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis (NLPCA) and Multilevel Models (MLM) for the analysis of satisfaction data is proposed. The basic hypothesis is that observed ordinal variables describe different aspects of a latent continuous variable that depends on...