This paper, presented at the Oxford Conference "Online Markets and Offline Welfare Effects," explores two areas that were not the focus of the conference but that are quite important to how competition law will deal with Internet markets and their challenges: (1) the role of private rights of...

Today's conversation about antitrust civil remedies generally, and the private action specifically, focuses most often on optimal deterrence and effectiveness. Lost in conversation is the basic idea that antitrust violations cause economic harm and that those victimized by that harm should be...

Antitrust laws in the United States, and competition rules in Europe, are usually set out in statutes of general applicability, written in broad, almost constitutional form. This is a “one size fits all” statutory style. There is another possible style of antitrust, which we call “bespoke...