Employees can work in family firms or non-family firms. Yet, little is known on the determinants of this particular occupational choice decision. Using a sample of more than 15,000 individuals in 40 countries, we empirically explore individual preferences to work in family firms. Our results...

Despite a worldwide increase in university patenting, empirical studies have largely focused on analyzing university patenting in individual countries and regions. We provide analyses from an international perspective, examining patents at the top 300 universities worldwide. By providing a...

This study analyzes the effects of regional- and firm-level factors on the intellectual property (IP) output (i.e., patents and trademarks) of high-tech firms. So far, little is known on how regional factors influence the IP output of high-tech firms. We combine data on 8,317 German high-tech...

We analyze the initial IP applications of 4,703 start-ups in the US, distinguishing between trademark and patent applications. Our empirical results show that start-ups are more likely to file for trademarks instead of patents when entering markets with a higher market concentration....

What factors shape an individual’s opinion on entrepreneurs? How do these factors differ across countries? This paper analyzes the relationship between socialist history and individuals’ opinions on entrepreneurs. Using a large-scale micro-level dataset from 30 European countries, we find...

Chinese university patenting has gained importance in recent years. Using a comprehensive dataset of university patents by 155 leading Chinese universities from 1991 to 2009, our study pursues two objectives: First, we analyze the quantity and quality of patents filed by leading Chinese...

Research has shown that financial markets value trademarks. However, most firms’ trade-mark portfolios are not loose agglomerations of intellectual property (IP) rights. Often, a firm’s trademarks can be decomposed into groups of related trademarks (trademark families). This study identifies...

Bootstrap financing refers to measures that entrepreneurial ventures undertake to preserve li-quidity (e.g., reducing expenses, collecting receivables, delaying payments, preselling). Prior research shows that bootstrap financing is an important enabler for the growth of resource-constrained...