for private gain. We study the relationship between discretion and corruption in Italian government procurement auctions …, using a confidential database of firms and procurement officials investigated for corruption by Italian enforcement …, discretionary procedure auctions are associated with corruption only when conducted with fewer than the formally required number of …

for private gain. We study the relationship between discretion and corruption in Italian government procurement auctions …, using a confidential database of firms and procurement officials investigated for corruption by Italian enforcement … associated with corruption only when conducted with fewer than the formally required number of bidders or employing discretionary …

We examine the correlation between gender and bureaucratic corruption using two distinct datasets, one from Italy and a … second from China. In each case, we find that women are far less likely to be investigated for corruption than men. In our … Italian data, female procurement officials are 34 percent less likely than men to be investigated for corruption by …