In view of the rising external costs of private road transport, inducing motorists to shift to transport modes that generate fewer negative externalities is a major policy goal in many cities. This paper argues that if season tickets for public transport are cheap and attractive enough so that...

We present a new model of employee involvement with incomplete contracts and uncertain monitoring. Distributional considerations limit productivity and generate excessive monitoring under employee control, so co-determination can increase both efficiency and labour's share of the enterprise...

This paper provides the first time series estimates of national rail demand equations for 14 European countries over the period between 1968 and 1991. In addition to conventional price and income variables, the data set includes quality variables that proxy the generalized time costs of rail...

A panel of passenger rail data from 14 countries over 24 years is used to estimate a rail demand function for the first time at this level of aggregation. The data set includes quality variables that proxy the generalised time costs found to be important in micro studies. Robust estimates of the...

A new theory of entrepreneurial effort demonstrates that reducing liquidity constraints may retard the performance of the self-employed. A two dimensional empirical approach then distinguishes the impact of human and financial capital on both the number and performance of the self-employed. This...