Official A at almost all individual detection levels. This 'legitimacy' effect may help explain why anti-corruption policies …

states. This is suggestive of an unearned, and likely high, reputational cost to being a new state. These findings hold over …

Experimental studies have shown that deterrence (monitoring and punishment) can be an effective anti-corruption policy …

corruption and confidence in public institutions. This suggests an important channel through which corruption can inhibit … in part a causal effect from corruption to confidence. The authors also show that individuals with low confidence in …

A potential concern with survey-based data on corruption is that respondents may not be fully candid in their responses … proportion of reticent respondents varies across groups of interest, comparisons of reported corruption across those groups can …

Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a …