Electricity serves as a crucial input to many businesses and household activities. As such, the government has historically focused its efforts in expanding the populations' access to electricity. By contrast, electricity reliability has received less attention from policymakers, despite the...

High market concentration in the Philippine domestic shipping industry has always been a subject of concern among policymakers and researchers. While many reforms aimed at improving the level of competition in the industry have been implemented since the 1990s, studies show that domestic...

We assessed the impact of compulsory kindergarten education on early-teenage basic and functional literacy skills achievement using a large-scale natural experiment in the Philippines. In 2012, the Philippine government mandated compulsory kindergarten attendance for children aged five years or...