We work with a panel of bilateral trade flows from 1988 to 2002, exploring the influence of infrastructure …, institutional quality, colonial and geographic context, and trade preferences on the pattern of bilateral trade. We are interested … in threshold effects, and so emphasize those cases where bilateral country pairs do not actually trade. We depart from …

of trade. Regression results suggest that import protection makes income distribution worse for countries in labor …

-border trade and FDI in the services sectors. We first develop a consistent analytical framework for the application of the gravity … model to both services trade and commercial presence (i.e. FDI), using a composite model of delivery that offers testable … policy variables measuring market regulations that may act directly or implicitly as barriers to trade. We find robust …

sector, as well both measuring barriers to trade and investment (generally with a mix of firm surveys, price comparisons, and … are highlighted. The first is identification of how trade in services takes place and how market access is therefore …