This paper tests the causality issue between defense spending and economic growth in the Philippines. The results of the tests are used to provide implications for Philippine policy development.

An earlier version of this paper has been presented in 1989 at the Institute for Strategic and International Studies in Kuala Lumpur. This paper tests the causality issue between defense spending and economic growth in the Philippines. The results of the tests are used to provide implications...

Foreign aid has always been treated as “cheap mons.” In the past, aid studies almost always implicitly assumed that the economic impact of ODA loans is negligible. This paper, however, takes an opposite view and presents that ODA debt implications do matter. It is proposed that while aid...

Foreign aid has always been treated as “cheap mons.” In the past, aid studies almost always implicitly assumed that the economic impact of ODA loans is negligible. This paper, however, takes an opposite view and presents that ODA debt implications do matter. It is proposed that while aid...

This paper tests the causality issue between defense spending and economic growth in the Philippines. The results of the tests are used to provide implications for Philippine policy development.

An earlier version of this paper has been presented in 1989 at the Institute for Strategic and International Studies in Kuala Lumpur. This paper tests the causality issue between defense spending and economic growth in the Philippines. The results of the tests are used to provide implications...