The motivation crowding effect suggests that an external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine (and under different indentifiable conditions strengthen) intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical \lang1033 possibility of crowding effects is widely accepted...

The motivation crowding effect suggests that an external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine (and under different indentifiable conditions strengthen) intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of crowding effects is widely accepted among...

This article discusses the crowding-out effect and its correlate, the “crowding-in effect”, with special regard to empirical validity. It is demonstrated that these effects are empirically well-founded and have been observed in many different and important areas of the economy and society