This paper focuses on the incentives by governments to manipulate statistics, not on techniques how to do so. I wish to contribute to explaining when, where and to what extent the governments tend to falsify official data. This issue is important for three reasons: (1) Manipulating statistics...

The process by which scholarly papers are selected for publication in a journal is faced with serious problems. The referees rarely agree and often are biased. This paper discusses two alternative measures to evaluate scholars. The first alternative suggests input control. The second one...

Scholars today are under increasing pressure to publish in A-journals, the main role of which consists in certifying that a paper meets traditional academic standards. Consequences of this pressure are multiple authorship, slicing of ideas and incentives to deviate from the truth. The...