, until 2005. Laser technology research has been nearly exclusively conducted in regions that are home to a university with a … adjacent regions, geographic proximity to the center of initial laser research was conducive to early adoption of laser … research; however, the effect is small. The earlier a region embarked on this type of research, the higher the level of laser …

private sector as well as from public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors …

research institutions by field of research (budget), amount of university external research funds from private firms, public … adjacent regions. One main finding is that the quality of the university research makes some contribution to regional …

2005. Research in this new technological field began in a few larger centers and then spread to other regions. In the early … the knowledge in laser technology was particularly high in those regions which have started laser research rather early …